Stress and long-term memory retrieval: a systematic review

Abstract Introduction The experience of stressful events can alter brain structures involved in memory encoding, storage and retrieval. Here we review experimental research assessing the impact of the stress-related hormone cortisol on long-term memory retrieval. Method A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and PsycNet databases with the following terms: "stress," "long-term memory," and "retrieval." Studies were included in the review if they tested samples of healthy human participants, with at least one control group, and with the onset of the stress intervention occurring after the encoding phase and shortly (up to one hour) before the final memory test. Results Thirteen studies were included in the qualitative synthesis (N = 962) and were classified according to the time elapsed between stress induction and memory retrieval (stress-retrieval delay), the stress-inducing protocol (stressor), the time of day in which stress induction took place, sex, and age of participants. Most studies induced stress with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) between 15 and 25 minutes before the final memory (mostly recall) test and showed significant increases in cortisol levels and memory impairment. Discussion The reviewed studies indicate that stress does impair retrieval, particularly when induced with the TSST, in the afternoon, up to 45 minutes before the onset of the final memory test, in healthy young men. These results may inform future research on the impact of stress-induced cortisol surges on memory retrieval.

O nível de atividade física como um fator interveniente no estado cognitivo de idosos da atenção básica à saúde / The level of physical activity as an intervening factor in the cognitive state of primary care older adults

Resumo Este estudo propôs a avaliar o nível de atividade física e o estado cognitivo de idosos usuários das Unidades Básicas de saúde (UBS) do Município de Maringá, Paraná. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, de corte observacional e transversal, realizado com 654 idosos, de ambos os sexos, usuários das UBS. Foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico, o Mini exame do estado mental e o International Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), versão curta. A análise dos dados foi realizada mediante o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Qui quadrado, Kruskal-Wallis e "U" de Mann-Whitney, adotando significância quando p < 0,05. Os idosos não realizam atividades físicas vigorosas e poucas atividades moderadas durante a semana. Porém, apresentaram alto escore na orientação temporal (Md = 5,0), Orientação espacial (Md = 5,0), memória imediata (Md = 3,0), evocação (Md = 3,0) e linguagem (Md = 8,0). Ao comparar o estado mental em função do nível de atividade física dos idosos verificou-se que os Muito ativo/ativo possuem melhor atenção e cálculo (p = 0,036), evocação (p = 0,001) e estado cognitivo geral (p = 0,002), se comparado aos irregularmente ativos e sedentários. Níveis adequados de atividade física podem estar relacionados a melhores escores de funções cognitivas de sujeitos idosos.

Abstract This study proposed to evaluate the level of physical activity and the cognitive state of elderly users of Primary Care Facilities (UBS) of the Municipality of Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, epidemiological study with 654 elderly men and women UBS users. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were employed. Data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney "U" tests, with a significance level of p<0.05. However, they evidenced a high score in temporal orientation (Md = 5.0), spatial orientation (Md = 5.0), immediate memory (Md = 3.0), recall (Md = 3.0) and language (Md = 8.0). When comparing the mental state according to the level of physical activity of the elderly, we observed that very active/active individuals had better attention and calculation (p = 0.036), recall (p = 0.001) and general cognitive status (p = 0.002) against irregularly active and sedentary elderly. Adequate levels of physical activity may be related to better scores of cognitive functions of elderly subjects.

Aprendizaje serial de secuencias basadas en la posición y dimensión de sus componentes / Serial learning of sequences based on the position and dimension of its components

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el aprendizaje serial empleando el método de recuerdo de secuencias de tres componentes. Uno de los componentes de las secuencias fue la posición mientras los otros dos variaron en propiedad dimensional: colores y/o números. El Experimento 1 evaluó las diferencias en el aprendizaje y recuerdo de una secuencia de colores o números. Los resultados mostraron que la secuencia de números se aprendió más rápido que la de colores. El Experimento 2 buscó aislar el efecto del aprendizaje inicial de la secuencia de posiciones sobre el aprendizaje y recuerdo posterior de una secuencia de colores o números superpuesta a la secuencia de posiciones ya aprendida. Los resultados mostraron que aprender inicialmente la secuencia de posiciones facilitó el aprendizaje de los componentes posteriores de la secuencia. El análisis se orienta a la identificación de un gradiente de posición como factor explicativo del aprendizaje de este tipo de secuencias; además se propone la existencia de un efecto de la dimensión de los componentes de las secuencias en su aprendizaje y recuerdo. Finalmente, se analizan las funciones atípicas obtenidas en las curvas de posición serial de los dos experimentos

Serial learning was evaluated using the recall method. Three-component sequences were used. One of the components was the position of the element, while the other two varied in the dimensional property: colors or numbers. Experiment 1 evaluated differences in learning and remembering a sequence of colors or numbers. The results showed the numerical sequence was learned faster than the colors sequence; Experiment 2 isolate the effect of initial learning of positions on learning and subsequent recall of superimposed sequences of colors or numbers. The results showed that learn the positions facilitated the learning of sequence. The analysis identified a position gradient as an explanatory factor of sequence learning; We also discuss about the item dimension effect on learning and recall sequences. Finally, the atypical serial position curves obtain were analyzed

Relationship between visuospatial episodic memory, processing speed and executive function: are they stable over a lifespan? / As relações entre memória episódica visual-espacial, velocidade de processamento e funções executivas são estáveis ao longo do ciclo vital?

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the association between episodic memory, executive function and processing speed in a sample with different age ranges. We tested the hypothesis that processing speed, executive function and memory are more strongly associated during childhood and old age. We evaluated 571 participants, aged six to 92 years, divided into four age groups: children/adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults and older adults. Correlation analyses suggested that the shared variance between the processing speed and memory is strong in childhood but weak across other age ranges. Executive function, however, had a stronger association both in childhood and in old age, when compared with the intermediate stages. We conclude that the effects of processing speed and executive function on memory are not stable across human development. These functions may be compensatory mechanisms for memory functioning in childhood and old age.

RESUMO O presente estudo avalia a associação entre velocidade de processamento, funções executivas e memória em uma amostra de diferentes faixas etárias. O estudo testa a hipótese de que a velocidade de processamento, as funções executivas e a memória apresentam associação mais forte na infância e na velhice. Avaliamos 571 participantes, com idade entre seis e 92 anos, divididos em quatro grupos etários: crianças/adolescentes, adultos jovens, adultos de meia-idade e idosos. Análises de correlação sugerem que a variância compartilhada entre velocidade de processamento e memória é forte na infância e fraca nas demais idades. Já as funções executivas apresentaram associação forte com a memória tanto na infância quanto na velhice, quando comparadas aos estágios intermediários. Concluímos que os efeitos da atenção sobre a memória variam em função da idade do participante. Essas funções podem ser mecanismos compensatórios para a memória ao longo do desenvolvimento.

Brain regions supporting verbal memory improvement in healthy older subjects / Regiões do cérebro relacionadas à melhora da memória verbal em idosos saudáveis

Despite growing interest in developing cognitive training interventions to minimize the aging cognitive decline process, no studies have attempted to explore which brain regions support the application of semantic strategies during verbal memory encoding. Our aim was to investigate the behavioral performance and brain correlates of these strategies in elderly individuals using fMRI in healthy older subjects. Method Subjects were scanned twice on the same day, before and after, directed instructions to apply semantic strategies during the encoding of word lists. Results Improved memory performance associated to increased semantic strategy application and brain activity in the left inferior and middle and right medial superior prefrontal cortex were found after the directed instructions. There was also reduced activation in areas related to strategy mobilization. Conclusion Improved memory performance in older subjects after the application of semantic strategies was associated with functional brain reorganization involving regions inside and outside the typical memory network. .

Apesar do crescente interesse em intervenções de treinamento cognitivo para minimizar o declínio cognitivo do envelhecimento, nenhum estudo explorou quais regiões do cérebro estão relacionadas à aplicação de estratégias semânticas durante a codificação da memória verbal. Nosso objetivo foi investigar o comportamento e correlatos cerebrais associados a essas estratégias usando fMRI em idosos saudáveis. Método Os sujeitos foram examinados no mesmo dia, antes e depois, de instruções dirigidas para aplicar estratégias semânticas durante a codificação de palavras. Resultados Melhora da memória relacionada ao uso de estratégias semânticas e aumento da atividade no córtex prefrontal inferior e medial esquerdo e medial superior direito foram encontrados após as instruções. Também houve redução de ativação em áreas de mobilização de estratégias. Conclusão A melhora da memória em idosos após o uso de estratégias semânticas estava associada à reorganização cerebral funcional envolvendo regiões dentro e fora da rede de áreas cerebrais típicas da memória. .

Verbal learning on depressive pseudodementia: accentuate impairment of free recall, moderate on learning processes, and spared short-term and recognition memory / Aprendizagem verbal na pseudodemencia depressiva: comprometimento acentuado da evocacao livre, moderado nos processos de aprendizagem e preservacao da memoria de curto prazo e reconhecimento

Objective Depressive pseudodementia (DPD) is a clinical condition characterized by depressive symptoms followed by cognitive and functional impairment characteristics of dementia. Memory complaints are one of the most related cognitive symptoms in DPD. The present study aims to assess the verbal learning profile of elderly patients with DPD. Methods Ninety-six older adults (34 DPD and 62 controls) were assessed by neuropsychological tests including the Rey auditory-verbal learning test (RAVLT). A multivariate general linear model was used to assess group differences and controlled for demographic factors. Results Moderate or large effects were found on all RAVLT components, except for short-term and recognition memory. Conclusion DPD impairs verbal memory, with large effect size on free recall and moderate effect size on the learning. Short-term storage and recognition memory are useful in clinical contexts when the differential diagnosis is required. .

Objetivo A pseudodemência depressiva (PDD) é uma condição clínica onde sintomas depressivos são acompanhados por comprometimento cognitivo e funcional característicos da demência. Queixas de memória são um dos sintomas mais comumente relatados na PDD. O presente estudo almeja investigar a aprendizagem verbal de pacientes idosos com PDD. Método 96 idosos (34 PDD e 62 controles) realizaram testes neuropsicológicos incluindo o Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey (RAVLT). Adotou-se um modelo linear geral multivariado para comparação dos grupos controlando variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados Pacientes com PDD apresentaram déficits em todo o RAVLT, com exceção no armazenamento de curto-prazo e reconhecimento, com tamanhos de efeito moderados ou altos. Conclusão A PDD compromete a memória verbal mais intensamente na evocação livre e de forma moderada na aprendizagem. A memória de curto-prazo e de reconhecimento são úteis em contextos onde o diagnóstico diferencial é necessário. .

Bases neuropsicológicas de la memoria autobiográfica / Neurological basis of autobiographical memory

En este trabajo se identifican las principales características atribuidas por los modelos recientes a la memoria autobiográfica, encuadrados en una concepción reconstructiva de la memoria. A continuación se revisan los estudios de neuroimagen que han explorado los substratos neurales que participarían en los procesos de recuperación autobiográfica, identificando regiones asociadas al acceso y elaboración de los recuerdos, así como a la experiencia recolectiva, tradicionalmente relacionada con componentes visuales, detalles sensoriales y contextuales, vivencia emocional y la sensación de trasladarse uno mismo en el tiempo, característica de la conciencia autonoética. El conjunto de los estudios revisados apunta a la participación de una amplia red de subsistemas que mostrarían una coactivación conjunta durante los procesos de recuperación, incluyendo estructuras corticales y regiones del lóbulo temporal.

This paper identifies the main characteristics attributed by recent models of autobiographical memory, framed in a reconstructive view of memory. Here we review the neuroimaging studies that have explored the neural substrates that participate in the autobiographical retrieval processes, identifying regions associated with the access and processing of memories and recollective experience, traditionally associated with visual components, and sensory and contextual details, emotional experience and feel yourself moving in time, autonoetic feature of consciousness. All the studies reviewed points to the involvement of a wide network of subsystems that show a joint coactivation during the retrieval process, including cortical structures and temporal lobe regions.

Applicability of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test to an adult sample in Brazil / O Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey: aplicabilidade para uma amostra de adultos brasileiros

OBJECTIVE: The Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, which is used to evaluate learning and memory, is a widely recognized tool in the general literature on neuropsychology. This paper aims at presenting the performance of Brazilian adult subjects on the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, and was written after we published a previous study on the performance of Brazilian elderly subjects on this same test. METHOD: A version of the test, featuring a list of high-frequency one-syllable and two-syllable concrete Portuguese substantives, was developed. Two hundred and forty-three (243) subjects from both genders were allocated to 6 different age groups (20-24; 25-29; 30-34; 35-44; 45-54 and 55-60 years old). They were then tested using the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. RESULTS: Performance on the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test showed a positive correlation with educational level and a negative correlation with age. Women performed significantly better than men. When applied across similar age ranges, our results were similar to those recorded for the English version of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the adaptation of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test to Brazilian Portuguese is appropriate and that it is applicable to Brazilian subjects for memory capacity evaluation purposes and across similar age groups and educational levels.

OBJETIVO: O Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test é um teste mundialmente reconhecido na literatura neuropsicológica que avalia o aprendizado e a memória. Na sequência de um estudo anterior, que apresentou o desempenho dos idosos brasileiros no Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, este trabalho apresenta o desempenho dos adultos brasileiros no Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. MÉTODO: Uma versão do teste foi desenvolvida com uma lista de alta frequência, com uma ou duas sílabas de substantivos concretos do português do Brasil. Duzentos e quarenta e três (243) indivíduos de ambos os sexos foram alocados para seis faixas etárias (20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-44, 45-54 e 55-60 anos) e avaliados com o Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. RESULTADOS: O grau de escolaridade e idade mostrou correlação positiva e negativa, respectivamente, com o desempenho no Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. As mulheres tiveram um desempenho significativamente melhor que os homens. Os resultados foram semelhantes aos encontrados para a versão em inglês do Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test por meio de faixas etárias semelhantes. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados sugerem que a adaptação do Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test para o português brasileiro é adequada e aplicável para avaliação da capacidade de memória de indivíduos brasileiros, com idade e nível educacional similar.

Resultado de pesquisa sobre a frequência de aleitamento materno exclusivo varia de acordo com a forma de abordagem na entrevista / Results of research into the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding vary depending on the approach taken in the interview

OBJETIVO: Comparar a frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo segundo duas metodologias de abordagem na entrevista. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em amostra de 309 mães de crianças de 0 a 6 meses, com idade mediana de 11 dias, atendidas no Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira entre novembro e dezembro de 2009. Foram testadas duas abordagens na entrevista: na primeira, questionou-se se a mãe ofereceu outros alimentos nas 24 horas anteriores à entrevista; em seguida, se em algum momento da vida da criança foram oferecidos outros alimentos. Utilizou-se o teste de homogeneidade marginal, adotando nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: De acordo com o recordatório de 24 horas, a frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo correspondeu a 78,0 por cento. Em relação ao recordatório mais abrangente, foi de 59,2 por cento (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo é superestimada no recordatório de 24 horas, quando comparada à obtida com recordatório mais abrangente.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding using two different interview approaches. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 309 mothers of children aged 0 to 6 months, with a median age of 11 days. Mothers were interviewed at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira during November and December of 2009. Two approaches to the interview were tested: firstly, the mother was asked if complementary foods had been given during the preceding 24 hours. Secondly, they were asked if at any point during the child’s life any other foods had been given. The marginal homogeneity test was applied and the significance level was 5 percent. RESULTS: According to the 24-hour recall, the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding was 78.0 percent. According to the wider-ranging recall period, the frequency was 59.2 percent (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of the exclusive breastfeeding is overestimated using the 24-hour recall compared with the whole-life recall.

A study to evaluate the effect of oral stereognosis in acceptance of fixed prosthesis.

Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the oral stereognostic ability and satisfaction for fixed prosthesis in human being. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 40 subjects, the purpose being to investigate the relation of oral perception to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Two types of cast metal crowns-one had morphology closely resembling original tooth and other one confirmed to ideal contours were constructed on endodontically treated posterior tooth. One cast metal crown was randomly selected from two cast metal crown and fitted on prepared tooth. Oral stereognostic score of subject was determined by correct response to questionnaire based on the recognition ability of subjects. Patient satisfaction level was checked by psychometric parameter Likert scale. Same procedure was repeated with other type of cast metal crown. Results: Data obtained were compared by paired and unpaired two sample t-test. Oral stereognostic score and satisfaction score were found to be higher for cast metal crown with morphology resembling to original tooth due to recognition and discriminatory ability of subjects and recall-memory. Oral stereognostic level was found to be higher in younger than older subjects. The level of satisfaction was found to be higher in older subjects than younger subjects. Conclusion: It was concluded that acceptance of fixed prosthesis is not only based on dentist's routine procedure of treatment and patient's judgment about oral health, function, and esthetics, but also depends upon patient's oral perception and discriminatory skill for external morphology of fixed prosthesis.

Validación de la prueba de memoria episódica de repetición de la Universidad del Sur de California (USC-REMT) / Validation of the University of Southern California Repeatable Episodic Memory Test

Background: Memory is affected differently with the passage of time; specifically, episodic memory presents a clear decline. There is a relationship of this memory impairment and degenerative and psychiatric diseases. Aim: To determine the reliability and validity of the University of Southern California Repeatable Episodic Memory Test (USC-REMT) in a sample of Chilean adults. Material and Methods: The instrument was administered to 178 subjects living in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. The sessions were individual, during the morning, lasting approximately 15 minutes. Results: The ANOVA indicates that subjects over 61 years old had lower scores in the test than their younger counterparts. There was an inverse correlation between age and success in "Free recall" (r =- 0.570), "Recognition indicating yes-no" (r = -0.412) and "forced-choice recognition" (r =- 0.371). Regression analysis showed that age explained 32.1 percent "free recall" variance. The three components were grouped into a single factor. Conclusions: The USC-REMT meets the criteria for validity and reliability to be applied for clinical and research purposes.

Cognitive performance of young and elderly subjects on the free word recall memory test: effect of presentation order on recall order

The influence of aging on memory has been extensively studied, but the importance of short-term memory and recall sequence has not. The objective of the current study was to examine the recall order of words presented on lists and to determine if age affects recall sequence. Physically and psychologically healthy male subjects were divided into two groups according to age, i.e., 23 young subjects (20 to 30 years) and 50 elderly subjects (60 to 70 years) submitted to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the free word recall test. The order of word presentation significantly affected the 3rd and 4th words recalled (P < 0.01; F = 14.6). In addition, there was interaction between the presentation order and the type of list presented (P < 0.05; F = 9.7). Also, both groups recalled the last words presented from each list (words 13-15) significantly more times 3rd and 4th than words presented in all remaining positions (P < 0.01). The order of word presentation also significantly affected the 5th and 6th words recalled (P = 0.05; F = 7.5) and there was a significant interaction between the order of presentation and the type of list presented (P < 0.01; F = 20.8). The more developed the cognitive functions, resulting mainly from formal education, the greater the cognitive reserve, helping to minimize the effects of aging on the long-term memory (episodic declarative).

Categorization skills and recall in brain damaged children: a multiple case study / Habilidades de categorização e recordação em crianças com lesões cerebrais: um estudo de casos multiplos

During development, children become capable of categorically associating stimuli and of using these relationships for memory recall. Brain damage in childhood can interfere with this development. This study investigated categorical association of stimuli and recall in four children with brain damages. The etiology, topography and timing of the lesions were diverse. Tasks included naming and immediate recall of 30 perceptually and semantically related figures, free sorting, delayed recall, and cued recall of the same material. Traditional neuropsychological tests were also employed. Two children with brain damage sustained in middle childhood relied on perceptual rather than on categorical associations in making associations between figures and showed deficits in delayed or cued recall, in contrast to those with perinatal lesions. One child exhibited normal performance in recall despite categorical association deficits. The present results suggest that brain damaged children show deficits in categorization and recall that are not usually identified in traditional neuropsychological tests.

No desenvolvimento, as crianças tornam-se capazes de associar estímulos em categorias e de se beneficiar dessas associações para sua recordação posterior. Lesões cerebrais na infância podem interferir nesse desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, essas habilidades foram avaliadas em crianças com lesões cerebrais. A etiologia, topografia e época de instalação da lesão variaram. As tarefas incluíram: nomeação e recordação imediata de 30 figuras relacionadas perceptual e semanticamente; associação livre; recordação tardia e recordação com pistas. Testes neuropsicológicos tradicionais também foram usados. Duas crianças com lesões adquiridas na fase escolar associaram as figuras baseadas em relações perceptivas e não categóricas e apresentaram déficits de recordação tardia e com pistas, ao contrario das outras duas com lesões perinatais. Uma criança apresentou bom desempenho na recordação independentemente de associação categórica. Os resultados sugerem que crianças com lesões cerebrais podem apresentar déficits de categorização e recordação, que não são frequentemente evidenciados em testes tradicionais.

Performance of normal adults on Rey Auditory Learning Test: a pilot study / Desempenho de indivíduos saudáveis no Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT): estudo piloto

The present study aimed to assess the performance of healthy Brazilian adults on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), a test devised for assessing memory, and to investigate the influence of the variables age, sex and education on the performance obtained, and finally to suggest scores which may be adopted for assessing memory with this instrument. The performance of 130 individuals, subdivided into groups according to age and education, was assessed. Overall performance decreased with age. Schooling presented a strong and positive relationship with scores on all subitems analyzed except learning, for which no influence was found. Mean scores of subitems analyzed did not differ significantly between men and women, except for the delayed recall subitem. This manuscript describes RAVLT scores according to age and education. In summary, this is a pilot study that presents a profile of Brazilian adults on A1, A7, recognition and LOT subitem.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de adultos normais brasileiros no Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), um teste destinado à avaliação da memória, e investigar a influência das variáveis idade, sexo e escolaridade no desempenho obtido, além de sugerir escores que possam ser utilizados na avaliação da memória segundo este instrumento. Foi avaliado o desempenho de 130 indivíduos, subdivididos em grupos de acordo com a idade e escolaridade. O desempenho geral no teste diminuiu com o aumento da idade. A escolaridade apresentou relação forte e positiva com os escores em todos os subitens analisados, exceto no aprendizado, no qual não foi verificada influência. As médias dos escores dos subitens analisados não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre homens e mulheres, exceto no subitem recordação tardia. Descrevemos os escores no RAVLT de acordo com faixa etária e escolaridade neste manuscrito.

Engagement of multifocal neural circuits during recall of autobiographical happy events

Happy emotional states have not been extensively explored in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using autobiographic recall paradigms. We investigated the brain circuitry engaged during induction of happiness by standardized script-driven autobiographical recall in 11 healthy subjects (6 males), aged 32.4 ± 7.2 years, without physical or psychiatric disorders, selected according to their ability to vividly recall personal experiences. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) changes were recorded during auditory presentation of personal scripts of happiness, neutral content and negative emotional content (irritability). The same uniform structure was used for the cueing narratives of both emotionally salient and neutral conditions, in order to decrease the variability of findings. In the happiness relative to the neutral condition, there was an increased BOLD signal in the left dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, thalamus bilaterally, left hypothalamus, left anterior cingulate gyrus, and midportions of the left middle temporal gyrus (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). Relative to the irritability condition, the happiness condition showed increased activity in the left insula, thalamus and hypothalamus, and in anterior and midportions of the inferior and middle temporal gyri bilaterally (P < 0.05, corrected), varying in size between 13 and 64 voxels. Findings of happiness-related increased activity in prefrontal and subcortical regions extend the results of previous functional imaging studies of autobiographical recall. The BOLD signal changes identified reflect general aspects of emotional processing, emotional control, and the processing of sensory and bodily signals associated with internally generated feelings of happiness. These results reinforce the notion that happiness induction engages a wide network of brain regions.

Measuring emotion in the voice during psychotherapy interventions: A pilot study

The voice as a representation of the psychic world of patients in psychotherapeutic interventions has not been studied thoroughly. To explore speech prosody in relation to the emotional content of words, voices recorded during a semi-structured interview were analyzed. The subjects had been classified according to their childhood emotional experiences with caregivers and their different attachment representations. In this pilot study, voice quality as spectral parameters extracted from vowels of the key word "mother" (Germán: "Mutter") were analyzed. The amplitude of the second harmonic was large relative to the amplitude of the third harmonic for the vowel "u" in the secure group as compared to the preoccupied group. Such differences might be related to the subjects' emotional involvement during an interview eliciting reconstructed childhood memories.

Effects of semantic relations, repetition of words, and list length in word list recall of Alzheimer's patients / Efeitos da relação semântica, repetição de palavras e extensão das listas na recordação de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer

INTRODUCTION: Semantic relations among words and repetition enhance free recall, but it is unknown if these facilitating factors are effective in dementia. METHOD: Alzheimer's patients (MILD-Alz, MOD-Alz) were compared to healthy elderly. Fifteen-word lists were read out to the subjects. In four sets of lists the words in intermediary input positions were semantically related or not, or the midlist words were repeated, or they were repeated and semantically related. RESULTS: The usual third peak of recall of semantically related words was not observed in MOD-Alz, repetition of words did not increase recall of the patients, and the combination of relatedness and repetition benefited only MID-Alz. In a second experiment, with related or unrelated midlist words, and list length shortened from 15 to 9 words, semantic facilitation was observed in mild and moderate Alzheimer´s patients, although diminished compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Progression of dementia turns facilitating factors of recall less effective.

INTRODUÇÃO: Relacionamento semântico e repetição facilitam a recordação livre mas não se sabe se esses fatores continuam efetivos na demência. MÉTODO: O desempenho de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (MILD-Alz e MOD-Alz) foi comparado com o de idosos sadios na recordação livre de listas de 15 palavras, utilizando quatro diferentes conjuntos de listas que continham ou não palavras relacionadas nas posições intermediárias, palavras repetidas, ou ainda palavras repetidas e semanticamente relacionadas. RESULTADOS: O terceiro pico usual na recordação das palavras semanticamente relacionadas não foi observado em MOD-Alz; a repetição não aumentou a recordação dos pacientes; a combinação de relacionamento e repetição beneficiou apenas MILD-Alz. Em outro experimento, com palavras intermediárias relacionadas ou não, e em que a extensão das listas foi reduzida para 9 palavras, observou-se facilitação semântica em MILD-Alz e MOD-Alz. CONCLUSÃO: A progressão da demência diminui a eficácia de fatores facilitadores da recordação.

Comparison between two tests of delayed recall for the diagnosis of dementia

O diagnóstico de demência é um desafio em populações com heterogeneidade educacional. OBJETIVO: Comparar as acurácias de dois testes de recordação tardia no diagnóstico de demência em comunidade com alta prevalência de analfabetos. MÉTODO: O teste de recordação tardia de lista de palavras da bateria CERAD (RT-CERAD) foi comparado com o de recordação tardia de figuras simples da bateria de testes neuropsicológicos breves (RT-BTNB), utilizando-se curvas ROC. Indivíduos analfabetos (23 controles e 17 pacientes com demência) e alfabetizados (28 controles e 17 pacientes com demência) foram avaliados em uma comunidade brasileira. RESULTADOS: O RT-BTNB demonstrou maior acurácia que a RT-CERAD entre os analfabetos (p=0,029), acurácia similar nos indivíduos alfabetizados (p=0,527), e tendência a maior acurácia na população inteira (p=0,084).CONCLUSÃO: A RT-BTNB pode ser uma alternativa para o diagnóstico de demência em populações com alta prevalência de analfabetos.

Comprensión oral de discursos expositivos y narrativos en niños con problemas en comprensión lectora / Oral comprehension of expositive and narrative discourses in children with reading comprehension problems

Los discursos orales narrativo y expositivo son de gran importancia para el aprendizaje escolar. Los niños con problemas en comprensión lectora pueden presentar descendido el manejo de estos discursos. Por lo tanto, es probable que estos menores evidencien un rendimiento escolar deficitario. En nuestro medio existe poca información sobre el desempeño en comprensión oral y niños con dificultades lectoras. Por ello, el propósito de este trabajo es presentar evidencia relacionada con la comprensión de discursos narrativos y expositivos (de tipo descriptivo) orales en niños con problemas en comprensión lectora. Los resultados indican que estos menores presentan un desempeño descendido en la comprensión de discursos narrativos y expositivos (de tipo descriptivo).

Children's cognition and aircraft noise exposure at home--the West London Schools Study.

The association of aircraft noise exposure with cognitive performance was examined by means of a cross-sectional field survey. Two hundred thirty six children attending 10 primary schools around Heathrow Airport in west London were tested on reading comprehension, immediate/delayed recall and sustained attention. In order to obtain the information about their background, a questionnaire was delivered to the parents and 163 answers were collected. Logistic regression models were used to assess performance on the cognitive tests in relation to aircraft noise exposure at home and possible individual and school level confounding factors. A significant dose-response relationship was found between aircraft noise exposure at home and performance on memory tests of immediate/delayed recall. However there was no strong association with the other cognitive outcomes. These results suggest that aircraft noise exposure at home may affect children's memory.